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Salinity
Scientists and students have been measuring the salinity (salt content) of water at different depths to learn whether Phragmites distribution within the salt marsh is controlled by ground water (water deep below the ground surface that is the source of well and spring water) or interstitial salinity (water just below the ground surface from the tide).
Each site tested contains three sets of wells (PVC pipes placed in the ground to measure salinity at different depths) that are placed in the following locations in the salt marsh:
Nest 1: In the Phragmites
Nest 2: In the middle of the transition zone, which is where the vegetation contains both Phragmites and other salt marsh grasses
Nest 3: In the salt marsh, generally in an area dominated by Spartina patens (salt marsh hay)
Salinidad
Científicos y estudiantes han estado midiendo la salinidad (el contenido de sal) del agua de mar a distintas profundidades para saber si la distribución de la caña común dentro del pantano salado está controlada por el agua profunda bajo la superficie de la tierra que es la fuente del agua de pozo y manantial o por la salinidad intersticial (agua justo bajo la superficie de la tierra proveniente de la marea).
Cada sitio de prueba contiene tres tubos de PVC colocados en la tierra para medir la salinidad adistintas profundidades. Estos tubos que se ponen en los siguientes puntos del pantano salado:
Tubo 1: En las cañas comunes.
Tubo 2: En medio de la zona de transición, que es donde la vegetación contiene tanto caña común como otros pastos típicos de pantanos salados.
Tubo 3: En el pantano salado, generalmente en una zona dominada por heno de pantano salado (Spartina patens).
Analysis
Changes in Salt Marsh Vegetation, Phragmites Australis, and Nekton in Response to Increased Tidal Flushing in a New England Salt Marsh
From Wetlands - Robert N. Buchsbaum, John Catena, Eric Hutchins, and Mary-Jane James-Pirri
Can You Predict How Fast Phragmites Will Spread?
Suggestions for analyzing salinity data by Liz Duff
Soil Salinity Can Predict Invasion Rates of Phragmites australis in Salt Marshes
A presentation given by Dr. David M. Burdick at the 2nd Annual Coastal Science Conference
Soil Salinities of Marshes Invaded by Phragmites austalis
By Dr. David M. Burdick, Assistant Research Professor, University of New Hampshire
Data Collected:
You can download files as stuffed Microsoft Excel spreadsheets (requires free StuffIt Expander) or Adobe Acrobat PDFs (requires Acrobat Reader).
I need help with downloading files
| Year Study Began on this Site |
Participating School |
Location |
Restricted?
Restored? |
View As... |
| 1998 |
Danvers: Essex Agricultural and Technical High School, Holten Richmond Middle School |
Behind Osram Sylvania in Danvers, MA |
Tidal restriction and berm. Not restored. |
PDF |
Map |
Excel |
| 2004 |
Dorchester/Milton |
Harbor School, Dorchester, MA |
Filled marsh. Fill removal completed April 2005. |
PDF |
Map |
Excel |
| 2003 |
East Boston: Excel Academy Charter School |
Belle Isle Marsh, East Boston, MA |
No |
PDF |
Map |
Excel |
| 1998 |
Essex: Essex Elementary and Middle School |
Conomo Point Road, Essex, MA |
Tidal Restriction restored November 2000 |
PDF |
Map |
Excel |
| 2005 |
Gloucester: Maritime Heritage Essex Agriculture |
Wingersheek Beach, Gloucester, MA |
Berm |
PDF |
Map |
Excel |
| 1998 |
Gloucester: O'Maley School |
Mill Pond, Gloucester, MA |
Tidal Restriction - Site flooded when board placed on tidegates spring 2003, killing marsh plants. Tide gates opened beginning spring 2004.
|
PDF |
Map |
Excel |
| 2000 |
Gloucester: St. Mels
Natick: Home Schoolers
Essex Agricultural and Technical High School
|
Eastern Point, Gloucester, MA |
Tidal Restriction restored November 2003 |
PDF |
Map |
Excel |
| 2008 |
Governor's Academy |
Duff’s Woods, Newbury, MA |
Restricted |
Not Available |
Map |
Not Available |
| 1996 |
Ipswich: Ipswich High School (site 1) |
Town Farm Road, Ipswich, MA |
Tidal Restriction restored spring 2005 |
PDF |
Map |
Excel |
| 1999 |
Ipswich: Ipswich High School (site 2) |
Littleneck Road, Ipswich, MA |
Tidal Restriction; culvert collapsed in spring 2000, ponding killed marsh plants. New culvert put in Spring 2001. |
PDF |
Map |
Excel |
| 1997 |
Ipswich: Mass Audubon and NMFS Scientists |
Argilla Road, Ipswich, MA |
Tidal Restriction Restored Fall 1998 |
Not Available |
Map |
Not Available |
| 1999 |
Ipswich: The Proctor School (Topsfield) |
Cedar Point, Ipswich, MA |
Tidal Restriction Phase 1 restored Spring 2000 |
PDF |
Map |
Excel |
| 2008 |
Mass Audubon |
Town Creek |
Restricted |
Not Available |
Map |
Not Available |
| 2001 |
Newbury: Newbury Elementary School
Newburyport: Rupert A. Nock Middle School, River Valley Charter School, Northern Essex Community College |
Parker River National Wildlife Refuge: North Pool |
Yes, may be restored in the future |
PDF |
Map |
Excel |
| 1998 |
Newburyport: Rupert A. Nock Middle School
River Valley Charter School |
Joppa Flats, Newburyport, MA |
Fill removal restoration and Panne creation 1999. Small tidal restriction not restored. |
PDF |
Map |
Excel |
| 2006 |
Outward Bound |
Thompson Island, Boston, MA |
Rocks impede tidal flow. Removed August 2007. |
PDF |
Map |
Excel |
| 2001 |
Revere: Revere High School |
Revere, MA |
|
PDF |
Map |
Excel |
| 1998 |
Rockport: Rockport Middle School |
Saratoga Creek, Rockport, MA |
Storm drain sediments removed, panne creation Sp. 1999. Seaview St. tidal restriction restored fall 2003. |
PDF |
Map |
Excel |
| 1996 |
Rowley: Pine Grove School |
Batchelder's Landing, Rowley, Ma |
Unrestricted site (reference site) |
PDF |
Map |
Excel |
| 2002 |
Salem: Collins Middle School |
Forest River, Salem, MA |
Restricted. Some Phragmites removed January 2003. |
PDF |
Map |
Excel |
| 2001 only |
Salisbury: Salisbury Elementary School |
Old County Road, Salisbury |
Restricted |
PDF |
Not Available |
Excel |
| 1998 |
Salisbury: Salisbury Memorial Elementary School |
Railroad bed off Mudnock Road |
Tidal Restriction Transects are downstream of restriction. Downstream transects flooded by closed tide gate, killing downstream plants in spring 2004 Site washed out in spring 2005. |
PDF |
Map |
Excel |
| 2001 |
Wellfleet: |
Herring River |
Restricted |
PDF |
Map |
Excel |
| 1999 |
Wellfleet: Mass Audubon |
Wellfleet Bay Wildlife Sanctuary |
Unrestricted |
PDF |
Map |
Excel |
If you'd like to collect research in your community:
(1) Print out the data
form (zipped Microsoft Excel):
(2) Send the completed form to:
Elizabeth B. Duff, Coastal Educator/Education Coordinator
Mass Audubon
346 Grapevine Rd.
Wenham, MA 01984
lduff@massaudubon.org
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